Diabetes Vocabulary v1.0 Draft (v1.0-draft.0.2)

Unified data format for diabetes and pre-diabetes management

Draft Status: This vocabulary is under active development and subject to change. We welcome feedback from stakeholders before finalizing the v1.0 stable release.

Per-term status: every term in this vocabulary carries vs:term_status (W3C SemWeb Vocabulary Status, originating in FOAF). Draft terms are unstable and deprecated terms are archaic. The status is per TERM by design, so an individual term can be promoted to testing or stable in place, without a namespace change and without graduating the whole vocabulary. Read the status of the term you intend to use rather than the status of the file it lives in.

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Overview

Namespace URI:
https://ns.cascadeprotocol.org/diabetes/v1#
Preferred Prefix:
diabetes:
Version:
1.0-draft.0.2 (2026-08-20)
Status:
Draft
Imports:
cascade: (Core Vocabulary v1)
Schema File:
diabetes.ttl (Turtle/RDF)

The Diabetes Vocabulary provides a unified data format for representing diabetes and pre-diabetes management data from multiple sources: CGMs, glucose meters, insulin pumps, smart pens, and lifestyle tracking apps. It enables cross-device data aggregation and analysis while maintaining full provenance tracking.

Important: This vocabulary describes wellness tracking data, not clinical diagnostics. Treatment decisions should always be made in consultation with healthcare providers.
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Use Cases

  • Multi-Device Unification: Aggregate data from Dexcom, Libre, insulin pumps, and meters into one format
  • Time-in-Range Tracking: Calculate TIR, GMI, and variability metrics per ADA/EASD guidelines
  • Pattern Detection: Identify dawn phenomenon, post-prandial spikes, and exercise responses
  • Meal Impact Analysis: Correlate food intake with glucose responses
  • Provider Sharing: Export unified reports for healthcare provider review

Diabetes Classifications

diabetes:Type1

diabetes:DiabetesType

Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells.

SNOMED CT: sct:46635009

diabetes:Type2

diabetes:DiabetesType

Insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency.

SNOMED CT: sct:44054006

diabetes:Prediabetes

diabetes:DiabetesType

Impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose.

SNOMED CT: sct:714628002

diabetes:GestationalDiabetes

diabetes:DiabetesType

Diabetes diagnosed during pregnancy.

SNOMED CT: sct:11687002

diabetes:LADA

diabetes:DiabetesType

Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults - slowly progressing autoimmune diabetes.

Measurement Classes

diabetes:GlucoseReading

owl:Class

Single blood glucose measurement from any source (CGM, finger stick, lab).

Subclass of: fhir:Observation, prov:Entity

LOINC: loinc:15074-8 (Glucose in Blood)

diabetes:GlucoseMeasurementType

owl:Class

Classification of how glucose was measured.

  • diabetes:CGMReading - Interstitial glucose from CGM sensor
  • diabetes:FingerStick - Capillary blood from test strip
  • diabetes:VenousLab - Laboratory plasma glucose

diabetes:CGMSession

owl:Class

A continuous glucose monitoring session (typically 10-14 days per sensor).

Subclass of: prov:Entity

diabetes:InsulinDose

owl:Class

Record of insulin delivery from pump, pen, or injection.

Subclass of: fhir:MedicationAdministration, prov:Entity

diabetes:CarbEntry

owl:Class

Record of carbohydrate intake for bolus calculation.

diabetes:MealEvent

owl:Class

Complete meal record with timing, macros, and context.

Glucose Reading Properties

diabetes:glucoseValue

owl:DatatypeProperty

Glucose concentration (see glucoseUnit for measurement unit).

Domain: diabetes:GlucoseReading

Range: xsd:double

diabetes:glucoseUnit

owl:DatatypeProperty

Unit of measurement: "mg/dL" (US) or "mmol/L" (international).

Domain: diabetes:GlucoseReading

Range: xsd:string

diabetes:trendArrow

owl:DatatypeProperty

CGM trend indicator: rapidlyFalling, falling, steady, rising, rapidlyRising.

Domain: diabetes:GlucoseReading

Range: xsd:string

diabetes:trendRate

owl:DatatypeProperty

Rate of glucose change (mg/dL/min or mmol/L/min).

Domain: diabetes:GlucoseReading

Range: xsd:double

Time in Range Metrics (ADA/EASD Consensus)

The diabetes:DailyGlucoseSummary class provides aggregated metrics following ADA/EASD consensus guidelines.

diabetes:timeInRange

owl:DatatypeProperty

Percentage of time glucose was 70-180 mg/dL. Target: >70%

Range: xsd:double (0-100)

diabetes:timeBelowRange

owl:DatatypeProperty

Percentage of time glucose was <70 mg/dL. Target: <4%

Range: xsd:double (0-100)

diabetes:timeAboveRange

owl:DatatypeProperty

Percentage of time glucose was >180 mg/dL. Target: <25%

Range: xsd:double (0-100)

diabetes:timeSeverelyLow

owl:DatatypeProperty

Percentage of time glucose was <54 mg/dL (dangerous). Target: <1%

Range: xsd:double (0-100)

diabetes:timeSeverelyHigh

owl:DatatypeProperty

Percentage of time glucose was >250 mg/dL (dangerous). Target: <5%

Range: xsd:double (0-100)

diabetes:timeInTightRange

owl:DatatypeProperty

Percentage of time glucose was 70-140 mg/dL (pregnancy target).

Range: xsd:double (0-100)

Variability Metrics

diabetes:meanGlucose

owl:DatatypeProperty

Average glucose value for the period.

Range: xsd:double

diabetes:standardDeviation

owl:DatatypeProperty

Glucose variability measure (lower is more stable).

Range: xsd:double

diabetes:coefficientOfVariation

owl:DatatypeProperty

CV = SD/Mean * 100. Target: <36% for stable glucose.

Range: xsd:double

diabetes:gmi

owl:DatatypeProperty

Glucose Management Indicator - estimated HbA1c from CGM data.

Formula: GMI = 3.31 + (0.02392 × mean glucose mg/dL)

Range: xsd:double

Pattern Detection

diabetes:GlucosePattern

owl:Class

Identified recurring pattern in glucose data.

diabetes:DawnPhenomenon

diabetes:PatternType

Early morning glucose rise (4-7 AM) due to hormonal changes.

diabetes:PostprandialSpike

diabetes:PatternType

Glucose rise 1-3 hours after meals.

diabetes:ExerciseResponse

diabetes:PatternType

Glucose changes during and after physical activity.

diabetes:NocturnalHypoglycemia

diabetes:PatternType

Low glucose during sleep (12-6 AM).

Hypo/Hyper Events

diabetes:HypoglycemicEvent

owl:Class

Episode of low blood glucose (<70 mg/dL).

SNOMED CT: sct:302866003

diabetes:HyperglycemicEvent

owl:Class

Episode of high blood glucose (>250 mg/dL).

SNOMED CT: sct:80394007

Lab Results

diabetes:HbA1cResult

owl:Class

Hemoglobin A1c test result (3-month glucose average).

LOINC: loinc:4548-4

diabetes:hba1cValue

owl:DatatypeProperty

HbA1c in percentage (NGSP/DCCT standard).

Range: xsd:double

diabetes:hba1cMmolMol

owl:DatatypeProperty

HbA1c in IFCC units (mmol/mol).

Range: xsd:double

Healthcare Standards Alignment

SNOMED CT Mappings

  • Type 1 Diabetes: sct:46635009
  • Type 2 Diabetes: sct:44054006
  • Pre-diabetes: sct:714628002
  • Gestational Diabetes: sct:11687002
  • Hypoglycemia: sct:302866003
  • Hyperglycemia: sct:80394007

LOINC Mappings

  • Glucose in Blood: loinc:15074-8
  • HbA1c: loinc:4548-4
  • Fasting Glucose: loinc:1558-6

FHIR Resources

  • diabetes:GlucoseReading → fhir:Observation
  • diabetes:InsulinDose → fhir:MedicationAdministration
  • diabetes:DiabetesProfile → fhir:Condition + fhir:CarePlan

Recommended Pod Storage Structure

/wellness/diabetes/
  profile.ttl                    # DiabetesProfile
  daily-summaries/
    2025-12-01.ttl               # DailyGlucoseSummary
    2025-12-02.ttl
  glucose-readings/
    2025-12-01.ttl               # Batch of GlucoseReadings
  insulin-doses/
    2025-12-01.ttl               # InsulinDose records
  meals/
    2025-12-01.ttl               # MealEvent/CarbEntry
  patterns/
    detected.ttl                 # GlucosePattern analysis
  events/
    hypo.ttl                     # HypoglycemicEvent log
    hyper.ttl                    # HyperglycemicEvent log
  labs/
    results.ttl                  # HbA1c and other labs

Usage Example

@prefix cascade: <https://ns.cascadeprotocol.org/core/v1#> .
@prefix diabetes: <https://ns.cascadeprotocol.org/diabetes/v1#> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
@prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#> .

<#daily-summary-2025-12-12> a diabetes:DailyGlucoseSummary ;
    cascade:schemaVersion "1.0-draft" ;
    cascade:dataProvenance cascade:ConsumerGenerated ;
    diabetes:summaryDate "2025-12-12"^^xsd:date ;

    # Time in Range metrics
    diabetes:timeInRange 78.5 ;           # 78.5% in 70-180
    diabetes:timeBelowRange 3.2 ;         # 3.2% below 70
    diabetes:timeAboveRange 18.3 ;        # 18.3% above 180
    diabetes:timeSeverelyLow 0.0 ;        # No dangerous lows
    diabetes:timeSeverelyHigh 2.1 ;       # 2.1% above 250

    # Statistical metrics
    diabetes:meanGlucose 142.3 ;          # mg/dL
    diabetes:standardDeviation 38.7 ;
    diabetes:coefficientOfVariation 27.2 ; # Good! (<36%)
    diabetes:gmi 6.8 ;                    # Estimated A1c
    diabetes:minGlucose 68.0 ;
    diabetes:maxGlucose 267.0 ;

    # Daily totals
    diabetes:totalDailyInsulin 42.5 ;     # units
    diabetes:totalBasalInsulin 24.0 ;
    diabetes:totalBolusInsulin 18.5 ;
    diabetes:totalCarbs 180 ;             # grams
    diabetes:sensorActivePercentage 96.5 ;

    # Provenance
    prov:wasGeneratedBy [
        a prov:Activity ;
        prov:startedAtTime "2025-12-12T23:59:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime
    ] .

Important Notes

  • Data Classification: Consumer wellness data (non-diagnostic)
  • Target Audience: Type 1, Type 2, Pre-diabetic, and Gestational diabetes patients
  • Primary Devices: CGMs (Dexcom, Libre), insulin pumps, glucose meters
  • Regulatory Status: Consumer health app, not medical device
  • Disclaimer: Data is for informational purposes only. Treatment decisions should be made in consultation with healthcare providers.

Provide Feedback

This vocabulary is in draft status. We welcome feedback on:

  • Missing properties or classes for your use case
  • Naming conventions and terminology
  • Healthcare standards alignment
  • Multi-device integration requirements

Submit Feedback